symbol	category	biomarker_name	direction	evidence_level	description	pmid
FOXO3	Genetic	FOXO3 genetic variant (rs2802292)	protective	Established	Longevity-associated FOXO3 genotype; replicated association with human longevity and healthy aging. Review: FOXO3 as longevity factor in aging-related processes.	35004893
APOE	Genetic	APOE genotype (ε2 protective / ε4 risk)	modulating	Established	APOE ε2 enriched in centenarians, ε4 associated with Alzheimer's risk and mortality. Allele-lifespan associations in extreme human longevity.	30060062
KLOTHO	Protein	Klotho (KL) protein	age-related	Candidate	Soluble Klotho declines with age; anti-aging hormone modulating insulin/IGF-1 and phosphate metabolism.	19230844
IL6	Protein	Interleukin-6 (IL-6)	increase with age	Established	Pro-inflammatory cytokine; key mediator of chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) and age-associated disease.	24833586
CRP	Clinical	C-reactive protein (CRP)	increase with age	Established	Systemic inflammatory marker; elevated CRP links to all-cause mortality in older adults.	40444244
TERT	Genetic	TERT / telomerase	protective	Established	Telomerase maintains telomere length; telomere/telomerase dynamics central to cellular aging.	18391173
TELOMERE	Telomere	Telomere length	decrease with age	Established	Shortened leukocyte telomere length is a biomarker of cellular aging; associations with mortality are cohort- and context-dependent.	30265166
DNAMETHYLATION	Epigenetic	Epigenetic clock (Horvath)	increase with age	Established	DNA methylation age is a robust biomarker of biological aging and predicts mortality.	24138928
SASP	Immune	Senescence-associated secretory phenotype	increase with age	Established	Accumulating senescent cells secrete SASP factors driving tissue dysfunction and aging.	38654098
CD28	Immune	CD28- senescent T cells	increase with age	Established	Loss of CD28 marks senescent/aging T cells; accumulation is a hallmark of immunosenescence.	38471362
IGF1	Protein	Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)	age-related	Established	GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulates lifespan and longevity.	15800976
SIRT1	Protein	Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)	protective	Candidate	NAD+-dependent deacetylase; levels/activity decline with age, implicated in metabolic aging.	32084459
mTOR	Protein	mTORC1 activity / inhibition	inhibition protective; high activity risk-associated	Candidate	Inhibition of mTORC1 is associated with lifespan extension in model organisms; interpret mTOR pathway activity and intervention direction separately.	37142830
GDF15	Protein	Growth differentiation factor 15	increase with age	Established	GDF15 rises with age/cellular stress; strong predictor of all-cause mortality.	37190783
PROGERIN	Protein	Progerin (lamin A)	increase with age	Candidate	Mutant lamin A (progerin) accumulates with age and drives cellular senescence.	41780574
FGF21	Protein	Fibroblast growth factor 21	modulating	Candidate	Metabolic hormone (hormokine) with metabolism- and longevity-linked effects.	40527315
HSP70	Protein	Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)	decrease with age	Candidate	Proteostasis chaperone; Hsp70 dysfunction linked to cellular senescence.	31997665
ALBUMIN	Clinical	Serum albumin	age-related	Established	Lower serum albumin (hypoalbuminemia) with age/inflammation linked to frailty and mortality.	25547740
VITAMIND	Clinical	Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D)	modulating	Established	Low vitamin D associated with frailty and age-related disease risk.	21131545
GDF11	Protein	Growth differentiation factor 11	controversial	Candidate	Reported as rejuvenating factor (reverse of aging) with debated age association.	33025411
PGC1A	Protein	PGC-1α	protective	Candidate	Master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis; declines with age, esp. in muscle.	20134150
NAMPT	Protein	Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase	decrease with age	Candidate	Key NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme; NAD+ declines with aging, linked to sirtuin activity.	24786309
OXIDIZEDLDL	Clinical	Oxidative stress / oxidized LDL	lower in exceptional longevity; context-dependent	Candidate	Exceptional longevity cohorts may show lower lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage; direction depends on the biomarker, cohort, and clinical context.	31550529
NLR	Clinical	Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)	increase with age	Established	Systemic immune-inflammatory ratio; higher NLR associated with aging and mortality.	40992643