Hypertrophic chondrocytes

The final stage of chondrocyte differentiation in the growth plate during endochondral ossification. These cells enlarge (hypertrophy), dramatically alter their matrix to promote calcification (secrete type X collagen), and express factors like VEGF that attract blood vessels and osteoclasts. Ultimately, they undergo apoptosis or transdifferentiation, leaving behind a calcified scaffold that is replaced by bone.