⚙ How is this computed? Methods: Lifespan Analysis

Longevity & Aging Biomarker Atlas

Longevity Biomarkers

A curated panel of well-established biomarkers of aging and longevity — from epigenetic clocks and longevity genes to cellular senescence, immune/inflammatory and metabolic markers. Each card carries a live PubMed evidence count (NCBI E-utilities) and a direct link to the underlying literature. Use the search workspace to query PubMed for any biomarker of interest.

25Curated biomarkers
5Evidence categories
—PubMed references loaded

Evidence search

Explore the PubMed literature

Searches open a live, relevance-ranked view of the top 25 matching records.

Live data via NCBI E-utilities · counts cached for 24 h · rate-limited to 2.5 requests/s

Curated evidence panel

Browse established biomarker families

25 biomarkers shown

Aging / Epigenetic Clocks

Horvath clock

Horvath epigenetic clock
High evidence

Multi-tissue DNAmAge clock (353 CpGs), the reference pan-tissue biological-age estimator.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Aging / Epigenetic Clocks

Hannum clock

Hannum methylation clock
High evidence

Blood-based DNAm age clock (71 CpGs) trained on whole blood.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Aging / Epigenetic Clocks

PhenoAge

PhenoAge (Levine clock)
High evidence

Composite DNAm surrogate of phenotypic/mortality risk; correlates with morbidity & mortality.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Aging / Epigenetic Clocks

GrimAge

GrimAge
High evidence

DNAm clock designed to predict life expectancy / time-to-death; strongest mortality predictor among clocks.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Aging / Epigenetic Clocks

DunedinPACE

DunedinPACE
Medium evidence

Rates-of-aging pace-of-aging biomarker derived from longitudinal change, not a static age.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Longevity Genes

FOXO3

Forkhead box O3
High evidence

Longevity-associated transcription factor; FOXO3 variants among the most replicated human longevity loci.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Longevity Genes

High evidence

Anti-aging protein; circulating soluble α-Klotho associated with cognitive & kidney health, lifespan extension.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Longevity Genes

SIRT1

Sirtuin 1
High evidence

NAD+-dependent deacetylase; mediates caloric-restriction lifespan effects, regulates metabolism & stress resistance.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Longevity Genes

TERT / telomere

Telomerase & telomere length
High evidence

Telomere attrition is a classic hallmark of aging; telomere length a widely used biomarker.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Longevity Genes

mTOR

Mammalian target of rapamycin
Medium evidence

Nutrient-sensing kinase; rapamycin & reduced mTOR signaling extend lifespan across model organisms.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Longevity Genes

AMPK

AMP-activated protein kinase
Medium evidence

Cellular energy sensor; activation mimics caloric restriction and is linked to longevity pathways.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Longevity Genes

NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Medium evidence

Central redox cofactor that declines with age; NAD+ precursors (NMN/NR) studied for rejuvenation.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Longevity Genes

GH/IGF-1

Growth hormone / IGF-1 axis
Medium evidence

Reduced IGF-1/insulin signaling (e.g., Laron dwarfism, dwarf mice) associated with exceptional longevity.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Cellular Senescence / SASP

p16^INK4a (CDKN2A)

p16/ink4a senescence marker
High evidence

Cell-cycle inhibitor; p16 accumulates with age in tissues & blood (T cells), a key senescence biomarker.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Cellular Senescence / SASP

GDF-15

Growth differentiation factor 15
High evidence

Stress-responsive SASP cytokine; rising with age and a strong predictor of all-cause mortality & frailty.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Cellular Senescence / SASP

IL-6

Interleukin-6
High evidence

Pro-inflammatory SASP cytokine; chronic low-grade elevation core to inflammaging.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Cellular Senescence / SASP

SA-β-gal

Senescence-associated β-galactosidase
Medium evidence

Gold-standard histochemical marker of cellular senescence in vitro and in tissues.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Cellular Senescence / SASP

Lamin B1

Lamin B1
Medium evidence

Nuclear-envelope marker; Lamin B1 loss is an early and robust senescence marker.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Immune & Inflammatory

CRP

C-reactive protein
High evidence

Circulating acute-phase protein; low-grade elevation predicts cardiovascular death & biological aging.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Immune & Inflammatory

T-cell repertoire

Immune age / thymic output
Medium evidence

Naive T-cell loss, thymic involution & CD4/CD8 ratio shifts index immunological aging.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Immune & Inflammatory

CMV serostatus

CMV & immunosenescence
Medium evidence

Chronic CMV drives memory T-cell clonal expansion, a hallmark of immunosenescence.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Metabolic & Clinical

HbA1c

Glycated hemoglobin
High evidence

Long-term glycemia; glucose metabolism distortion is a core pillar of metabolic aging.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Metabolic & Clinical

Cystatin C / eGFR

Kidney function
High evidence

Renal clearance declines with age; cystatin C a mortality-sensitive biomarker.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Metabolic & Clinical

Homocysteine

Homocysteine
Medium evidence

Amino-acid metabolite elevated with age; associated with vascular & cognitive aging.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗

Metabolic & Clinical

Vitamin D

25(OH) vitamin D
Medium evidence

Hormone-vitamin; deficiency associated with frailty, falls and mortality in aging.

… PubMed refs
Open PubMed ↗